EN: need + V-ing (BrE) ≈ “need to be V-ed”.
needs servicing → just describes a state/condition (“The car is in need of attention”). It’s neutral, almost impersonal, and doesn’t carry the sense of your burden. It works if you’re commenting on the car’s condition right now, but not if you’re lamenting your routine.
needs to be serviced → highlights necessity/requirement/regular obligation. You can use it in a complaint, but it still sounds a bit formal/neutral: “This car needs to be serviced every 6 months.”
I have to have it serviced → this is the idiomatic, natural way to complain about your obligation. It clearly centers on your routine burden: “I’m sick of this car — I have to have it serviced every couple of months!”

RU: need + герундий = “нужно, чтобы это сделали”; равно to be serviced. Разг. вариант to get serviced.
Но если мы хотим констатировать факт, что нам действительно приходится регулярно обслуживать машину, то надо использовать 'has to be serivced / have to have the car V3'

EN: Fixed pattern had better + bare infinitive: leave.

RU: Устойчиво: had better + инфинитив без to.

EN: After it’s (about) time use past simple (started). With start: both V-ing and to V are fine.

RU: После it’s about time — прош. простое. После start возможны V-ing и to V.

EN: try to V = attempt; try V-ing = experiment. After stop use V-ing.

RU: try to — попытка; try V-ing — «попробовать как способ». stop + герундий.

EN: regret V-ing (object of regret). need + V-ing / to be V-ed / to get V-ed all acceptable.

RU: regret + герундий. После need возможны три модели.

EN: remember to V = don’t forget; remember V-ing = recall doing it (not suitable in this context).

RU: remember to — не забыть; remember V-ing — вспоминать сделанное(не подходит здесь).

EN: asking about the habit (to wipe) is ok here; recalling a past act (wiping) doesn't suit here.

RU: вопрос о привычке не забывать жедать чтол-то (to wipe); вопрос о воспоминании делания чего-то не подходит здесь(wiping).

EN: consider + V-ing. afford + to V.

RU: После consider — герундий; после afford — инфинитив.

EN: Passive of make takes to-infinitive: was made to scrub.

RU: В пассиве после make — to-инфинитив.

EN: After Why not use bare infinitive.

RU: После Why not — инфинитив без to.

EN: Two time layers are possible.
• Present/Future advice: You’d better not say … / I’d rather be left alone. (= advice/preference now or ahead)
• Past hindsight: You’d better not have said … / I’d rather have been left alone. (= looking back: it would have been better then)
Notes: In hindsight, many speakers prefer: You should have kept quiet; I would rather you had left me alone.

RU: Возможны два слоя по времени.
• Настоящий/будущий совет: You’d better not say … / I’d rather be left alone. (= совет/предпочтение на сейчас или вперёд)
• Оценка прошедшего: You’d better not have said … / I’d rather have been left alone. (= оглядываясь назад: так было бы лучше)
Примечание: В прошедшем чаще говорят: You should have kept quiet; I would rather you had left me alone.

EN: Causative/permission pattern have + object + bare infinitive.

RU: Модель have + объект + инфинитив без to.

EN: make + object + bare infinitive. Deduction about the past → must have done.

RU: make + инфинитив без to. Дедукция о прошлом: must have done.

EN: Reported past before past → Past Perfect in both blanks.

RU: Согласование времён: оба действия раньше точки отчёта → Past Perfect.

EN: try to V = attempt; try V-ing = experiment.

RU: try to — попытаться; try V-ing — «попробовать как метод».

EN: Without an object, allow takes a gerund phrase: chewing gum.

RU: Без объекта после allow — герундий (chewing gum).

EN: Two passive options are possible:
• has been offered — Present Perfect Passive: repeated offers up to now; no fixed time window (default when time is open/unspecified).
• was offered — Past Simple Passive: repeated offers within a known/understood past period (e.g., last year, during his previous job hunt).

RU: Возможны две пассивные формы:
• has been offered — Present Perfect Passive: предложения повторялись до настоящего, без привязки ко времени (вариант по умолчанию).
• was offered — Past Simple Passive: предложения были в известный/подразумевающийся период в прошлом (например, в прошлом году).

EN: Several interpretations exist with "for half an hour":
• I have been kept waiting for half an hour — complaint: someone else caused the waiting.
• I have been waiting for half an hour — neutral: simple duration of my own action.
• I have kept you waiting for half an hour — apology: I made somebody else wait.
• I keep waiting for half an hour — not idiomatic: "keep + V-ing" expresses habitual continuation, not a finished time span.

RU: Возможны разные толкования с "for half an hour":
• I have been kept waiting for half an hour — жалоба: меня держали в ожидании.
• I have been waiting for half an hour — нейтрально: я сам жду уже полчаса.
• I have kept you waiting for half an hour — извинение: я заставил кого-то ждать.
• I keep waiting for half an hour — неестественно: "keep + V-ing" означает привычное продолжение, а не длительность с указанием периода.

EN: Passive of perception: standard to leave; progressive nuance with leaving.

RU: Пассив восприятия: обычно to leave; возможен герундий для процесса.

EN: “Hardly/Scarcely … when …” → Past Perfect in the first clause; Past Simple in the second.

RU: Конструкция “Hardly/Scarcely … when …”: сначала Past Perfect, затем Past Simple.

EN: Present state + Present Perfect since a past point (came/has come both appear in usage, came is standard).
The Past tense layer is also possible, but in the clause with 'since' the verb is not backshifted in spite of past reported speech: was thirsty/had drunk/since he came

RU: Состояние сейчас; с since — перфект от момента прихода (чаще came).
Или состояние к моменту в прошлом; с since — перфект от момента прихода в пред-прошлом (только came).

EN: “By that time” sets a distant reference point → use Past or Future layers (not Present).
• 1st blank (have): With stative have (possession), both had had/will have had (perfect = “already by then”) and had/will have (simple = state at that point) are acceptable. Perfect is more formal/textbook; simple is natural in speech.
• 2nd blank (look): Past layer: were looking (background) or looked (sequence). Future layer: will be looking (ongoing around that future time).
• 3rd blank (see): Past layer: had seen (earlier sightings). Future layer: have seen (completed before that future point).

RU: “By that time” указывает на удалённый момент → используем прошедший или будущий слой (не настоящий).
• 1-я форма (have): Со статичным глаголом have (обладание) возможны и had had/will have had (перфект = «уже к тому моменту»), и had/will have (простая форма = состояние в этот момент). Перфект — формальнее; простая — разговорнее.
• 2-я форма (look): Прошедший слой: were looking (фон) или looked (последовательность). Будущий слой: will be looking (длительность вокруг будущего момента).
• 3-я форма (see): Прошедший слой: had seen («видели ранее»). Будущий слой: have seen («к тому времени уже видели»).

EN: Simple past sequence: was … was … could (result state when the operation ended).

RU: Последовательность в прошедшем: was … was … could.

EN: Reporting now about a past event: use past simple for the events (met, came, asked, recognized, came up).

RU: Сообщение в настоящем о событиях в прошлом → формы Past Simple.

EN: “Hardly … when …” → first clause Past Perfect with inversion; second clause Past Simple.

RU: Конструкция требует инверсии и Past Perfect в первой части.

EN: Past call or call now; second clause may show plan (is buying / is going to buy), prediction (will buy).

RU: Звонок в прошлом ли прямо сейчас; дальше — план/намерение, прогноз

EN: Duration up to now → have you been or at some time in the past -> were. Second Q may target a specific past moment (Did you overhear?) or experience up to now (Have you overheard?).
"Have you been overhearing" could work if you deliberately stretch the meaning: Have you been overhearing our conversations all week? (= repeatedly, maybe intentionally listening in). But there is no expression like 'all week' here.

RU: Длительность до настоящего: have you been / в прошлом were. Второй вопрос — о факте (Past Simple) или опыте (Present Perfect).

EN: Present Perfect for experiences; continuous to stress duration. After since usually Past Simple (got), but has got appears in some varieties.

RU: Опыт/длительность до настоящего; после since чаще Past Simple.

EN: Specific acquisition → usually Did you get; BrE may allow Have you got. Ongoing search → have been looking.

RU: Конкретная покупка — обычно Past Simple; длительный поиск — Present Perfect Continuous.

EN: Counting up to now/experience in a period connected with now→ Present Perfect (have got/gotten/received). Reason for a specific past mark → Past Simple.

RU: «Это уже третий…» — опыт в период, связанном с настоящим => Present Perfect. Причина конкретной оценки — Past Simple.

EN: Duration yesterday → was walking (background); walked (whole-day fact); had been walking only if contrasted with a later past point.

RU: Past Continuous — длительность; Past Simple — факт за день; Past Perfect Continuous — если есть более поздняя точка в прошлом.

EN: Arranged plan are spending; intention are going to spend; neutral future will you spend; habit do you spend; if already over have you spent.

RU: План/договорённость — are spending; намерение — be going to; будущее — will; привычка — do; уже прошло — have spent.

EN: After since → usually left; some varieties use have left; past layer → had left. Ongoing state: have missed/have been missing; past narrative: missed.

RU: После since чаще Past Simple; возможен Present Perfect; в прошлом — Past Perfect. Состояние до сейчас — have (been) missing; в рассказе — missed.

EN: Sequence: worked. If anchoring to “then quit,” had worked / had been working are also fine.

RU: Последовательность — worked; с акцентом «к моменту увольнения» — had (been) working.

EN: Finished time (“in my childhood”) → was. In a deeper past narrative, had been also possible.

RU: Завершённый период — Past Simple; в более раннем фоне — Past Perfect.

EN: let + bare infinitive. go on reading = continue; go on to read = proceed to a new action.

RU: let + инфинитив. go on V-ing — продолжать; go on to V — перейти к новому действию.

EN: Fixed: had better + bare infinitive.

RU: Устойчиво: had better + инфинитив без to.

EN: pretend to V (neutral), to be V-ing (ongoing pretense), to have been V-ing (pretense of long duration).

RU: pretend to — притворяться; возможны формы для процесса и длительности.

EN: Passive of make → to + infinitive: was made to pay.

RU: В пассиве после make — инфинитив с to.

EN: try to V = attempt; try V-ing = experiment/strategy.

RU: try to — попытаться; try V-ing — «попробуй как способ».

EN: stopped to pick up = paused another action in order to do this; stopped picking up = ceased that activity. Earlier drop → had dropped (or simple narrative dropped).

RU: stop to V — остановиться, чтобы сделать; stop V-ing — прекратить делать. Падение раньше → Past Perfect/Past Simple.

EN: regret to V = announce bad news now; regret V-ing = look back with regret.

RU: regret to — сообщаю с сожалением; regret V-ing — сожалею о сделанном.

EN: Advice now → shouldn’t quarrel; hindsight → shouldn’t have quarrel(l)ed (BrE/AmE spellings).

RU: Совет сейчас — shouldn’t quarrel; о прошлом — shouldn’t have quarrelled/quarreled.

EN: Modal deduction about the past → can’t have seen.

RU: Модальный вывод о прошлом: can’t have seen.

EN: Reported belief: duration → to have been planning; ongoing now → to be planning; completed → to have planned.

RU: Передача мнения: длительность/процесс/результат — три инфинитивные формы.

EN: Past fact → were (plural “clothes”). Hypothetical/contingent reading → would be.

RU: Факт в прошлом — were; условный оттенок — would be.

EN: Passive report: past event → was told; advice given at some time up to now → have been told.

RU: Пассив: разовое прошлое — was told; опыт до настоящего — have been told.

EN: Main sequence in past; earlier care → Past Perfect (simple or continuous). were with plural “flowers.”

RU: Основная последовательность — прошедшее; «ухаживала раньше» — Past Perfect (прост./длит.); «цветы были» — were.

EN: Earlier omission → had not warned (or narrative did not warn). Resulting earlier waste → had wasted (or simple past wasted).

RU: «Не предупредила раньше» — Past Perfect (возможен Past Simple). «Зря потратил» — Past Perfect или Past Simple.

EN: Temporary stay → is staying / has been staying (now) or was staying (past). Causative: is/was having + object + V-ed (= having it renovated).

RU: Временное проживание — is/has been/was staying. Каузатив: is/was having + объект + прич. прош. (renovated).