Speaking Helpers

Use 1–2 phrases to gain time naturally.

Starting

  • That is an interesting question.Это интересный вопрос.
  • Let me think about that for a moment.Дайте мне секунду подумать.
  • Off the top of my head, I would say that...Первое, что приходит в голову...

Choosing an angle

  • I suppose it depends on what aspect we focus on.Это зависит от аспекта.
  • There are several ways to look at this question.На это можно посмотреть с разных сторон.
  • If I had to choose one main point, it would be...Если выбрать главное...

Clarifying

  • What I mean by that is...Я имею в виду...
  • To put it more simply,...Проще говоря...
  • To be more precise,...Если быть точнее...

Softening

  • I would not say this is always the case, but...Я бы не сказал(а), что это всегда так...
  • Generally speaking, I would say that...В целом я бы сказал(а)...
  • I may be oversimplifying a little, but...Возможно, я немного упрощаю...

Correcting yourself

  • Let me rephrase that.Позвольте переформулировать.
  • What I am trying to say is...Я пытаюсь сказать, что...
  • A better way to put it is...Лучше сказать так...

Examples

  • A good example of this would be...Хороший пример...
  • One example that comes to mind is...Один пример, который приходит в голову...
  • To give a concrete example,...Чтобы привести конкретный пример...

Moving on

  • Another point worth mentioning is...Ещё один важный момент...
  • There is also another side to this.У этого есть и другая сторона.
  • That being said, it is also important to consider...При этом важно учитывать...

Ending

  • So, overall, I would say that...Итак, в целом...
  • That is why I tend to believe that...Именно поэтому я считаю...
  • For that reason, my answer would be...По этой причине мой ответ...

TOEFL Speaking & Writing: 12 Strategic Thinking Operations

The categories below are not topic areas, but thinking operations. They help students understand what kind of answer structure is required: description, comparison, evaluation, problem-solving, prediction, persuasion, and so on.

1. Describing Something

Typical use: objects, tools, clothes, furniture, gadgets, books, souvenirs, works of art, household items, natural materials, decorations, and personal belongings.

Main function: to describe what an object is, what it looks like, what it is made of, what it is used for, and what impression it creates visually and physically.

Practice questions

  1. Describe an object that is especially useful in your daily life.
  2. Describe an item that you often carry with you.
  3. Describe a piece of clothing or an accessory that you like.
  4. Describe a souvenir or gift that is important to you.
  5. Describe an object in your home that makes the room feel more comfortable.
  6. Describe a technological device that you use regularly.
  7. Describe a handmade object or a work of art.
  8. Describe an object that looks simple but is actually very practical.

Universal C1-C2 phrases

Function English phrase Russian equivalent
Introducing the object The object I would like to describe is... Предмет, который я хотел(а) бы описать, — это...
Introducing the object It is one of those everyday objects that may seem ordinary at first glance. Это один из тех повседневных предметов, которые на первый взгляд могут показаться обычными.
General description What makes it particularly noteworthy is... Что делает его особенно примечательным, так это...
General description One of its most distinctive features is... Одна из его наиболее отличительных черт — это...
Appearance In terms of appearance, it looks... С точки зрения внешнего вида, он выглядит...
Appearance It has a simple yet elegant design. У него простой, но элегантный дизайн.
Appearance Its shape and proportions make it look... Его форма и пропорции делают его внешне...
Material It appears to be made of... Похоже, он сделан из...
Material The material gives it a rather... feel. Материал придаёт ему довольно... ощущение.
Function It is mainly used for... Он главным образом используется для...
Function Its main purpose is to... Его основное назначение —...
Practicality What makes it practical is that... Что делает его практичным, так это то, что...
Personal value It is valuable to me not because it is expensive, but because... Он ценен для меня не потому, что он дорогой, а потому что...
Overall impression Overall, it combines practicality with a certain emotional value. В целом он сочетает практичность с определённой эмоциональной ценностью.

Touch and texture: useful phrases

Type of tactile impression English phrase Russian equivalent
Neutral description It feels smooth to the touch. На ощупь он гладкий.
Neutral description It has a slightly rough texture. У него слегка шероховатая текстура.
Neutral description The surface feels firm but not uncomfortable. Поверхность на ощупь плотная, но не неприятная.
Neutral description It has a dry, matte finish. У него сухая матовая поверхность.
Soft / pleasant It feels soft and pleasant against the skin. Он мягкий и приятный к коже.
Soft / pleasant It feels tender, almost delicate, when you touch it. На ощупь он нежный, почти деликатный.
Soft / pleasant The texture is fluffy and comforting. Текстура пушистая и уютная.
Soft / pleasant It feels velvety, as if the surface had been carefully finished. На ощупь он бархатистый, будто поверхность тщательно обработана.
Soft / pleasant It has a silky texture that makes it feel quite luxurious. У него шелковистая текстура, из-за которой он кажется довольно роскошным.
Warm / cosy It feels warm and cosy to hold. Его приятно держать в руках: он кажется тёплым и уютным.
Warm / cosy The material gives it a homely, comforting feel. Материал придаёт ему домашнее, уютное ощущение.
Warm / cosy It has a soft warmth that makes it pleasant to touch. У него мягкое тепло, благодаря которому к нему приятно прикасаться.
Light / delicate It feels light, delicate, and almost weightless. На ощупь он лёгкий, нежный и почти невесомый.
Light / delicate It is so light that it hardly feels like you are holding anything at all. Он настолько лёгкий, что почти не ощущается в руке.
Strong / solid It feels solid and reliable. На ощупь он прочный и надёжный.
Strong / solid The object has a sturdy feel, which makes it seem durable. Предмет ощущается крепким, из-за чего кажется долговечным.
Strong / solid It feels well-made rather than fragile. Он ощущается качественно сделанным, а не хрупким.
Cold / unpleasant It feels cold and rather uninviting. На ощупь он холодный и довольно неприветливый.
Cold / unpleasant The surface is unpleasantly cold to the touch. Поверхность неприятно холодная на ощупь.
Rough / unpleasant It feels coarse and slightly irritating. На ощупь он грубый и слегка раздражающий кожу.
Rough / unpleasant The texture is scratchy, which makes it uncomfortable to use. Текстура колючая / царапающая, из-за чего пользоваться им неудобно.
Rough / unpleasant It has a harsh texture that does not feel pleasant against the skin. У него жёсткая текстура, которая неприятна к коже.
Sticky / greasy It feels sticky, as if the surface had not been cleaned properly. Он липкий на ощупь, будто поверхность плохо очистили.
Sticky / greasy It has a greasy surface, which makes it rather unpleasant to hold. У него жирная поверхность, из-за чего его довольно неприятно держать в руках.
Slippery It feels slippery, so it is easy to drop. Он скользкий на ощупь, поэтому его легко уронить.
Slippery The polished surface makes it smooth but slightly difficult to grip. Полированная поверхность делает его гладким, но его немного трудно удерживать.
Fragile It feels fragile, as if it could break quite easily. Он кажется хрупким, будто может легко сломаться.
Fragile The material feels delicate and needs to be handled with care. Материал кажется деликатным, и с ним нужно обращаться осторожно.

Useful adjective scale: from negative to positive

Negative / unpleasant Neutral Positive / pleasant
sticky — липкий smooth — гладкий silky — шелковистый
greasy — жирный на ощупь firm — плотный soft — мягкий
scratchy — колючий, царапающий dry — сухой fluffy — пушистый
coarse — грубый matte — матовый velvety — бархатистый
slippery — скользкий lightweight — лёгкий delicate — нежный, деликатный
harsh — жёсткий, неприятный solid — прочный comforting — уютный, приятный
unpleasantly cold — неприятно холодный cool — прохладный warm — тёплый
fragile — хрупкий sturdy — крепкий well-made — качественно сделанный

Compact object-description template

The object I would like to describe is .... At first glance, it may seem quite ordinary, but one of its most distinctive features is .... It appears to be made of ..., and the material gives it a rather ... feel. When you touch it, it feels smooth / soft / fluffy / warm / firm / sturdy / delicate. It is mainly used for ..., and what makes it practical is that .... Overall, it combines ... with ..., which is why I find it useful / memorable / pleasant to use.

Compact negative-description template

The object I would like to describe is .... In terms of appearance, it looks ..., but when you touch it, it feels rather rough / scratchy / sticky / greasy / slippery / unpleasantly cold. The texture makes it somewhat uncomfortable to use, especially because .... Although it may be practical in some situations, the material does not create a pleasant physical impression.

Compact positive-description template

The object I would like to describe is .... It has a simple yet elegant design, and the material gives it a warm, comforting feel. When you hold it, it feels soft / silky / velvety / fluffy / smooth / delicate. This makes it pleasant to use and gives it a sense of quality. Overall, it is not only practical, but also visually and physically appealing.

2. Describing Someone

Typical use: teachers, friends, relatives, classmates, colleagues, leaders, public figures, role models, difficult people, unpleasant personalities, unreliable partners, arrogant people, manipulative people, babies, pets, and people or animals who make a warm, affectionate, or touching impression.

Main function: to describe a person’s character, behaviour, habits, attitude to others, strengths, weaknesses, and the impression they create. This category can also be used to describe a baby, a child, or a pet in terms of appearance, behaviour, cuteness, affection, playfulness, and emotional impact.

Practice questions

  1. Describe a person who has influenced your way of thinking.
  2. Describe a teacher, coach, or mentor who helped you become more confident.
  3. Describe a person whose personality is very different from yours.
  4. Describe someone who is good at solving problems.
  5. Describe a person who is pleasant to work or study with.
  6. Describe a leader or public figure you admire.
  7. Describe a person you found difficult or unpleasant to deal with.
  8. Describe someone whose behaviour disappointed you.
  9. Describe a baby or small child who seemed especially cute or funny.
  10. Describe a pet that you find adorable or entertaining.

Universal C1-C2 phrases

Function English phrase Russian equivalent
Introducing the person The person I would like to describe is... Человек, которого я хотел(а) бы описать, — это...
Introducing the person One person who left a strong impression on me was... Один человек, который произвёл на меня сильное впечатление, — это...
General character What distinguishes this person from others is... Что отличает этого человека от других, так это...
General character They come across as extremely... Они производят впечатление очень...
General character Their personality can best be described as... Их личность лучше всего можно описать как...
Behaviour They tend to behave in a very... way. Они обычно ведут себя очень... образом.
Behaviour The way they treat other people shows that... То, как они относятся к другим людям, показывает, что...
Positive qualities The quality I find most admirable in this person is... Качество, которым я больше всего восхищаюсь в этом человеке, — это...
Positive qualities They are the kind of person who can remain calm under pressure. Они из тех людей, кто может сохранять спокойствие под давлением.
Positive qualities They have a rare ability to make people feel understood and supported. У них есть редкая способность дать людям почувствовать, что их понимают и поддерживают.
Positive qualities They are reliable, considerate, and emotionally mature. Они надёжные, внимательные к другим и эмоционально зрелые.
Cute baby / child The baby looked absolutely adorable, especially when... Малыш выглядел совершенно очаровательно, особенно когда...
Cute baby / child What made the child so endearing was their curious expression and innocent smile. Что делало ребёнка таким трогательным, так это любопытное выражение лица и невинная улыбка.
Cute baby / child They had a playful, wide-eyed look that made everyone smile. У него / неё был игривый, широко раскрытый взгляд, который заставлял всех улыбаться.
Cute baby / child Their tiny gestures made the whole scene feel warm and touching. Их крошечные жесты делали всю сцену тёплой и трогательной.
Cute baby / child They seemed completely unaware of how charming they were. Казалось, они совершенно не осознавали, насколько они очаровательны.
Cute pet The pet looked irresistibly cute, especially because of its... Питомец выглядел неотразимо милым, особенно из-за своих...
Cute pet It had a fluffy coat, bright eyes, and a slightly mischievous expression. У него была пушистая шерсть, яркие глаза и слегка озорное выражение.
Cute pet What made it particularly adorable was the way it... Что делало его особенно милым, так это то, как он...
Cute pet It had a habit of following people around, as if it wanted to be part of everything. У него была привычка ходить за людьми, будто он хотел участвовать во всём.
Cute pet Its behaviour was both funny and heart-warming. Его поведение было одновременно забавным и трогательным.
Affectionate impression There was something genuinely heart-warming about... В ... было что-то по-настоящему трогательное.
Affectionate impression It was impossible not to smile when... Было невозможно не улыбнуться, когда...
Affectionate impression Their behaviour created a sense of warmth and affection. Их поведение создавало ощущение тепла и нежности.
Affectionate impression They had a disarming charm that immediately softened the mood. У них было обезоруживающее очарование, которое сразу смягчало атмосферу.
Unpleasant personality They can be rather difficult to deal with. С ними бывает довольно трудно иметь дело.
Unpleasant personality They often come across as arrogant and dismissive. Они часто производят впечатление высокомерных и пренебрежительных.
Unpleasant personality They have a tendency to dominate conversations and ignore other people’s opinions. Они склонны доминировать в разговоре и игнорировать мнения других людей.
Unpleasant personality What made them unpleasant was not only what they said, but the way they said it. Что делало их неприятными, так это не только то, что они говорили, но и то, как они это говорили.
Unpleasant personality They seemed unwilling to listen, compromise, or admit that they might be wrong. Они, казалось, не хотели слушать, идти на компромисс или признавать, что могут быть неправы.
Unpleasant personality Their behaviour made the whole situation unnecessarily tense. Их поведение сделало всю ситуацию излишне напряжённой.
Unreliable person They were not particularly dependable, especially when others relied on them. Они были не особенно надёжны, особенно когда другие на них рассчитывали.
Unreliable person They had a habit of making promises and then failing to follow through. У них была привычка давать обещания, а потом не выполнять их.
Manipulative person They could be quite manipulative, especially when they wanted to get their own way. Они могли быть довольно манипулятивными, особенно когда хотели добиться своего.
Manipulative person They knew how to put pressure on people without making it obvious. Они умели давить на людей так, чтобы это не выглядело очевидным.
Selfish person They seemed mostly concerned with their own convenience. Казалось, их в основном заботило собственное удобство.
Selfish person They rarely considered how their behaviour affected others. Они редко задумывались о том, как их поведение влияет на других.
Mixed description To be fair, they were not entirely unpleasant, but... Справедливости ради, они не были совсем неприятными, но...
Mixed description They had some strengths, but these were often overshadowed by... У них были некоторые сильные стороны, но они часто перекрывались...
Effect on others People around them often felt uncomfortable because... Люди рядом с ними часто чувствовали себя некомфортно, потому что...
Effect on others Their attitude could easily discourage those around them. Их отношение могло легко отбить желание / демотивировать окружающих.
Idiomatic phrase They had a way of rubbing people the wrong way. Они умели раздражать людей / действовать людям на нервы.
Idiomatic phrase They were not exactly everyone’s cup of tea. Они были, мягко говоря, не всем по вкусу.
Idiomatic phrase They often made a mountain out of a molehill. Они часто делали из мухи слона.
Idiomatic phrase Being around them sometimes felt like walking on eggshells. Рядом с ними иногда приходилось вести себя крайне осторожно, словно ходишь по тонкому льду.
Idiomatic phrase: cute baby / pet They were cute as a button. Они были очень милыми / хорошенькими.
Idiomatic phrase: cute baby / pet It was the kind of scene that could melt anyone’s heart. Это была такая сцена, которая могла растопить чьё угодно сердце.
Idiomatic phrase: cute baby / pet The pet was full of beans and kept everyone entertained. Питомец был полон энергии и всех развлекал.
Lesson learned Dealing with this person taught me the importance of setting boundaries. Общение с этим человеком научило меня важности личных границ.
Lesson learned This experience helped me understand what kind of behaviour I do not want to imitate. Этот опыт помог мне понять, какое поведение я не хочу копировать.
Ending the answer Overall, this person made a strong impression on me, although not necessarily a positive one. В целом этот человек произвёл на меня сильное впечатление, хотя и не обязательно положительное.
Ending the answer For that reason, I remember them more as a lesson than as a role model. По этой причине я помню их скорее как урок, чем как пример для подражания.

Useful adjectives: from unpleasant to admirable

Negative / unpleasant Neutral / mixed Positive / admirable
arrogant — высокомерный reserved — сдержанный considerate — внимательный к другим
dismissive — пренебрежительный straightforward — прямолинейный reliable — надёжный
self-centred — эгоцентричный ambitious — амбициозный supportive — поддерживающий
manipulative — манипулятивный confident — уверенный empathetic — эмпатичный
unreliable — ненадёжный demanding — требовательный open-minded — непредвзятый, открытый к новому
condescending — снисходительный, свысока serious-minded — серьёзный emotionally mature — эмоционально зрелый
aggressive — агрессивный assertive — уверенный, умеющий отстаивать себя level-headed — рассудительный, сохраняющий спокойствие

Useful adjectives: babies, children and pets

Appearance Behaviour Emotional impression
adorable — очаровательный playful — игривый heart-warming — трогательный, согревающий душу
cute — милый mischievous — озорной endearing — располагающий к себе, умилительный
fluffy — пушистый curious — любопытный touching — трогательный
wide-eyed — с широко раскрытыми глазами affectionate — ласковый charming — очаровательный
tiny — крошечный energetic — энергичный irresistible — неотразимый
round-faced — круглолицый clingy — очень привязчивый disarming — обезоруживающий

Compact positive-person template

The person I would like to describe is .... What distinguishes this person from others is .... They come across as reliable / considerate / open-minded / emotionally mature. The quality I find most admirable in them is .... They have a rare ability to ..., and this is why people around them often feel supported / encouraged / understood. Overall, they made a very positive impression on me.

Compact unpleasant-person template

The person I would like to describe is .... They made a strong impression on me, although not necessarily a positive one. They often came across as arrogant / dismissive / self-centred / unreliable. What made them difficult to deal with was .... They had a way of rubbing people the wrong way, especially when .... To be fair, they may have had some strengths, but these were often overshadowed by .... Dealing with this person taught me the importance of setting boundaries / staying calm / choosing words carefully.

Compact mixed-person template

The person I would like to describe had a rather mixed personality. On the one hand, they were ..., which made them quite effective in some situations. On the other hand, they could be ..., especially when things did not go their way. As a result, people around them sometimes felt .... Overall, I would not describe them as completely unpleasant, but they were not exactly everyone’s cup of tea.

Compact cute-baby / cute-pet template

The baby / pet I would like to describe is .... What made them so adorable was .... They had a playful / curious / mischievous / wide-eyed look, and it was impossible not to smile when .... Their behaviour was both funny and heart-warming, especially because .... Overall, they were cute as a button, and the whole scene could melt anyone’s heart.

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3. Describing a System, Structure, Layout or Process

Typical use: educational systems, company structures, production processes, admission procedures, transport networks, website layouts, museum layouts, airport procedures, organizational charts, routines, workflows, and step-by-step mechanisms.

Main function: to describe how something is arranged, how its parts are connected, where elements are located, or how a process unfolds from beginning to end.

Practice questions

  1. Describe the structure of a school or university system you are familiar with.
  2. Describe the layout of a building, museum, airport, library, or shopping center.
  3. Describe how a company or organization is structured.
  4. Describe the stages of a production process, such as making food, clothes, or electronic devices.
  5. Describe the process of applying for a course, a job, or a travel document.
  6. Describe how public transportation is organized in a city you know.
  7. Describe the layout of a website, app, or online learning platform.
  8. Describe how information moves through a school, company, or government office.

Universal C1-C2 phrases

Function English phrase Russian equivalent
General structure The system is made up of several interconnected components. Система состоит из нескольких взаимосвязанных компонентов.
General structure It is arranged in a fairly logical and well-organised manner. Она устроена достаточно логично и хорошо организованно.
General structure The whole structure functions as a coherent framework rather than a set of separate parts. Вся структура функционирует как целостная система, а не как набор отдельных частей.
Complexity Although the system may appear complex at first, its basic logic is relatively straightforward. Хотя на первый взгляд система может показаться сложной, её основная логика довольно понятна.
Complexity It is a rather sophisticated structure with several levels of organisation. Это довольно сложная / продуманная структура с несколькими уровнями организации.
Complexity The arrangement is quite elaborate, but each part has a clear function. Устройство довольно сложное, но у каждой части есть чёткая функция.
Beginning of a process The process begins with... Процесс начинается с...
Beginning of a process At the initial stage, people are expected to... На начальном этапе предполагается, что люди...
Middle of a process In the middle stage, the focus shifts to... На среднем этапе акцент смещается на...
Middle of a process This is followed by a stage in which... Затем следует этап, на котором...
End of a process The process culminates in... Процесс завершается / достигает кульминации в...
End of a process At the final stage, the result is checked, confirmed, or recorded. На заключительном этапе результат проверяется, подтверждается или фиксируется.
Sequence First..., then..., after that..., and finally... Сначала..., затем..., после этого..., и наконец...
Sequence Once this step has been completed, the next stage can begin. Как только этот этап завершён, может начаться следующий этап.
Location: top/bottom At the top of the structure, there is... В верхней части структуры находится...
Location: top/bottom At the bottom, we can see... В нижней части можно увидеть...
Location: middle In the middle, there is a central section which connects... В середине находится центральный раздел, который соединяет...
Location: left/right On the left-hand side, there is..., whereas on the right-hand side... С левой стороны находится..., тогда как с правой стороны...
Location: next to / opposite Next to this section, there is another area devoted to... Рядом с этим разделом находится ещё одна зона, предназначенная для...
Location: between Between these two parts, there is a connecting element. Между этими двумя частями находится соединительный элемент.
Hierarchy The structure is organised hierarchically, with... at the top and... below it. Структура организована иерархически: ... находится наверху, а ... ниже.
Hierarchy Responsibility is distributed across several levels. Ответственность распределена между несколькими уровнями.
Connection These elements are linked through... Эти элементы связаны посредством...
Connection Each component feeds into the next stage of the process. Каждый компонент переходит / передаёт результат на следующий этап процесса.
Function The purpose of this part is to... Назначение этой части —...
Function This section is responsible for... Этот раздел отвечает за...
Idiomatic description When everything works properly, the system operates like a well-oiled machine. Когда всё работает правильно, система функционирует как хорошо отлаженный механизм.
Idiomatic description The process is carefully fine-tuned to ensure consistency. Процесс тщательно отлажен, чтобы обеспечить стабильность / последовательность.
Idiomatic description Each part plays a role in keeping the whole mechanism running smoothly. Каждая часть играет роль в том, чтобы весь механизм работал бесперебойно.
Overall description Overall, it is a structured, systematic, and relatively easy-to-follow arrangement. В целом это структурированная, системная и относительно понятная организация.

Compact speaking template

The system / process I would like to describe is .... It is made up of several interconnected parts. At the beginning, .... This is followed by .... In the middle stage, the focus shifts to .... At the final stage, .... Overall, it is a fairly logical and well-organised structure, and when all its parts work properly, it operates like a well-oiled machine.

Compact layout template

The layout I would like to describe is .... At the top / entrance / front, there is .... In the middle, we can see ..., which connects the main sections. On the left-hand side, there is ..., whereas on the right-hand side, there is .... At the bottom / back / far end, there is .... Overall, the arrangement is quite clear, coherent, and easy to navigate.

4. Talking about Experience

Typical use: positive experiences, memorable events, achievements, personal discoveries, trips, conversations, competitions, failures, difficulties, embarrassing situations, and moments that taught the speaker something important.

Main function: to describe what happened, explain why the experience was memorable, show how the person felt, and mention what lesson or insight they gained from it.

Practice questions

  1. Describe a positive experience that you still remember clearly.
  2. Describe a time when you felt proud of yourself.
  3. Describe a memorable trip, visit, or event.
  4. Describe an experience that taught you an important lesson.
  5. Describe a time when someone helped you in a meaningful way.
  6. Describe a situation in which you learned something about yourself.
  7. Describe a difficult experience that later proved useful.
  8. Describe a moment when you felt genuinely happy or relieved.

Universal C1-C2 phrases

Function English phrase Russian equivalent
Introducing the experience One experience that has stayed with me is... Один опыт, который остался у меня в памяти, — это...
Introducing the experience I can still vividly remember the time when... Я до сих пор отчётливо помню тот момент, когда...
Introducing the experience The experience I would like to talk about took place when... Опыт, о котором я хотел(а) бы рассказать, произошёл, когда...
Positive experience What made the experience so rewarding was... Что сделало этот опыт таким ценным / приятным, так это...
Positive experience It gave me a real sense of achievement. Это дало мне настоящее чувство достижения.
Positive experience I felt genuinely encouraged because... Я почувствовал(а) настоящее воодушевление, потому что...
Positive experience It turned out to be far more meaningful than I had expected. Это оказалось гораздо более значимым, чем я ожидал(а).
Memorable experience What made it particularly memorable was the fact that... Что сделало это особенно запоминающимся, так это тот факт, что...
Memorable experience It left a lasting impression on me. Это произвело на меня неизгладимое впечатление.
Memorable experience It is one of those moments that I still look back on with... Это один из тех моментов, о которых я до сих пор вспоминаю с...
Memorable experience The memory of it has remained surprisingly vivid. Воспоминание об этом осталось удивительно ярким.
Lesson learned The experience taught me that... Этот опыт научил меня тому, что...
Lesson learned It helped me realize the importance of... Это помогло мне осознать важность...
Lesson learned One lesson I took away from it was that... Один урок, который я из этого вынес(ла), заключался в том, что...
Lesson learned It changed the way I think about... Это изменило моё отношение к...
Difficult experience Although it was challenging at the time, it eventually helped me... Хотя в тот момент это было сложно, в конечном итоге это помогло мне...
Difficult experience At first, I saw it as a setback, but later I realized that... Сначала я воспринял(а) это как неудачу, но позже понял(а), что...
Difficult experience It was a turning point because... Это стало поворотным моментом, потому что...
Reflection In hindsight, I can see that... Оглядываясь назад, я понимаю, что...
Reflection Looking back, I would say that... Оглядываясь назад, я бы сказал(а), что...
Reflection With the benefit of hindsight, I now understand that... Теперь, оглядываясь назад, я понимаю, что...
Idiomatic phrase It was a real eye-opener. Это стало настоящим откровением / это открыло мне глаза.
Idiomatic phrase It taught me a lesson the hard way. Это научило меня на собственном горьком опыте.
Idiomatic phrase It was a blessing in disguise. Это оказалось скрытым благом / неприятностью, которая в итоге принесла пользу.
Idiomatic phrase It was a moment I will never forget. Это был момент, который я никогда не забуду.
Ending the answer Overall, this experience was memorable not only because of what happened, but also because of what it taught me. В целом этот опыт был запоминающимся не только из-за того, что произошло, но и из-за того, чему он меня научил.
Ending the answer For that reason, I still regard it as one of the most valuable experiences I have had. По этой причине я до сих пор считаю это одним из самых ценных опытов в моей жизни.

Compact positive experience template

One experience that has stayed with me is .... It happened when .... What made the experience so rewarding was .... I felt genuinely encouraged because .... It left a lasting impression on me, and the experience taught me that .... Overall, it was memorable not only because of what happened, but also because of what it taught me.

Compact difficult experience template

A difficult but meaningful experience I can remember is .... At first, I saw it as a setback because .... However, with the benefit of hindsight, I now understand that .... It was a real eye-opener, because it helped me realize the importance of .... For that reason, I would say that it taught me a lesson the hard way.

Compact memorable event template

I can still vividly remember .... The experience took place when .... What made it particularly memorable was the fact that .... It was one of those moments that I still look back on with .... Looking back, I would say that it changed the way I think about ....

5. Expressing Approval or Criticism

Typical use: agreeing, disagreeing, praising, warning, criticizing, supporting or opposing a policy, idea, trend, rule, or behavior.

Practice questions

  1. Do you agree that students should be allowed to use AI tools for school assignments?
  2. Do you support the idea of making public transport free?
  3. Do you think schools should ban smartphones during lessons?
  4. Do you approve of companies allowing employees to work from home?
  5. Do you think governments should limit tourism in overcrowded cities?
  6. Do you agree that people should be encouraged to work after retirement?

Universal C1-C2 phrases

English phrase Russian equivalent
I am broadly in favour of this idea because... В целом я поддерживаю эту идею, потому что...
I find this proposal questionable, mainly because... Я считаю это предложение сомнительным, главным образом потому что...
This may sound reasonable in theory, but in practice... Теоретически это может звучать разумно, но на практике...
My main reservation is that... Моё главное сомнение заключается в том, что...

6. Balancing Pros and Cons

Typical use: ambiguous topics, double-edged issues, mixed effects, advantages and disadvantages, benefits and risks.

Practice questions

  1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of studying online?
  2. Is tourism more beneficial or harmful to local communities?
  3. What are the pros and cons of living in a large city?
  4. Is social media a useful tool or a source of problems?
  5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using AI in education?
  6. Is working from home better than working in an office?

Universal C1-C2 phrases

English phrase Russian equivalent
This issue is far from one-dimensional. Этот вопрос далеко не однозначен.
On the positive side..., yet this advantage comes at a cost. С положительной стороны..., однако это преимущество имеет свою цену.
The real question is not whether it is good or bad, but how it is managed. Главный вопрос не в том, хорошо это или плохо, а в том, как этим управляют.
It can be seen as a double-edged sword. Это можно рассматривать как палку о двух концах.

7. Comparing and Choosing

Typical use: preference questions, choosing between two options, comparing methods, lifestyles, policies, technologies, places, or people.

Practice questions

  1. Would you rather study alone or with other students?
  2. Which is better for students: online learning or traditional classroom learning?
  3. Would you prefer to live in a big city or a small town?
  4. Which is more important in a job: a high salary or personal interest?
  5. Should people travel by plane or by train when both options are available?
  6. Is it better to learn through practice or through theory?

Universal C1-C2 phrases

English phrase Russian equivalent
Compared with..., ... offers a more practical solution. По сравнению с..., ... предлагает более практичное решение.
While both options have merit, I would give priority to... Хотя оба варианта имеют свои достоинства, я бы отдал(а) приоритет...
The former is more suitable for..., whereas the latter works better for... Первый вариант больше подходит для..., тогда как второй лучше работает для...
My preference would depend on the context, but overall... Мой выбор зависел бы от контекста, но в целом...

8. Explaining Causes and Effects

Typical use: reasons, consequences, social trends, technological change, environmental problems, academic performance, economic issues.

Practice questions

  1. Why do many students feel stressed at school or university?
  2. What causes traffic congestion in large cities?
  3. How does social media affect young people’s communication skills?
  4. Why are many people choosing to work remotely?
  5. How can tourism affect the environment?
  6. What are the effects of using AI tools in education?

Universal C1-C2 phrases

English phrase Russian equivalent
One of the underlying causes is... Одна из глубинных причин заключается в...
This can be attributed, at least partly, to... Это можно, по крайней мере частично, объяснить...
This, in turn, may lead to... Это, в свою очередь, может привести к...
The long-term consequences may be more serious than they first appear. Долгосрочные последствия могут оказаться серьёзнее, чем кажется на первый взгляд.

9. Solving a Problem

Typical use: public problems, school problems, workplace difficulties, environmental issues, health-related challenges, complaints, conflicts.

Practice questions

  1. What should schools do to reduce students’ stress?
  2. How can cities reduce traffic congestion?
  3. What can governments do to make housing more affordable?
  4. How can companies prevent employees from becoming burned out?
  5. What should people do to reduce their environmental impact when travelling?
  6. How can universities help students prepare for employment?

Universal C1-C2 phrases

English phrase Russian equivalent
A practical way to address this issue would be to... Практичным способом решения этой проблемы было бы...
The priority should be to tackle the root cause rather than the symptoms. Приоритетом должно быть устранение коренной причины, а не симптомов.
This measure would be effective because... Эта мера была бы эффективной, потому что...
For the solution to work, it would have to be implemented consistently. Чтобы решение сработало, его необходимо было бы внедрять последовательно.

10. Predicting or Planning

Typical use: future trends, personal plans, technology, careers, education, environment, hypothetical situations, risk assessment.

Practice questions

  1. How do you think education will change in the next 20 years?
  2. What job would you like to have in the future, and why?
  3. How might AI change the workplace?
  4. What would you do if you had the opportunity to study abroad?
  5. How do you think transportation will change in the future?
  6. What steps would you take before starting your own business?

Universal C1-C2 phrases

English phrase Russian equivalent
It is highly likely that... will become more widespread. Весьма вероятно, что... станет более распространённым.
In the foreseeable future, we may see... В обозримом будущем мы можем увидеть...
Before making such a decision, I would need to... Прежде чем принять такое решение, мне нужно было бы...
If things do not go as planned, the best fallback option would be... Если всё пойдёт не по плану, лучшим запасным вариантом было бы...

11. Requesting, Complaining, or Persuading

Typical use: TOEFL email writing, formal requests, complaints, appeals, proposals, recommendations, persuasive messages.

Practice questions

  1. Write an email asking your professor for an extension on an assignment.
  2. Write a complaint about being charged twice for a service.
  3. Write an email asking a hotel to refund part of your payment.
  4. Write a message persuading your friend to join a volunteer project.
  5. Write an appeal against an unfair parking ticket.
  6. Write an email asking a company to correct a mistake in your order.

Universal C1-C2 phrases

English phrase Russian equivalent
I am writing to inquire whether it would be possible to... Я пишу, чтобы уточнить, возможно ли...
I would appreciate it if you could look into this matter. Я был(а) бы признателен/признательна, если бы вы могли разобраться в этом вопросе.
I would like to draw your attention to... Я хотел(а) бы обратить ваше внимание на...
I strongly believe that this would be beneficial because... Я твёрдо считаю, что это было бы полезно, потому что...

12. Giving Advice or Warning

Typical use: recommendations, cautions, personal advice, risk prevention, academic advice, travel advice, career advice.

Practice questions

  1. What advice would you give to a student preparing for an important exam?
  2. What should people consider before moving to another country?
  3. What advice would you give to someone starting university?
  4. What should tourists be careful about when visiting unfamiliar places?
  5. What advice would you give to someone who wants to improve their speaking skills?
  6. What should young people consider before choosing a career?

Universal C1-C2 phrases

English phrase Russian equivalent
I would strongly advise against making this decision without... Я бы настоятельно не советовал(а) принимать это решение без...
It would be wise to consider... before... Было бы разумно учесть... прежде чем...
The main thing to bear in mind is that... Главное, что нужно иметь в виду, — это то, что...
Otherwise, what seems like an opportunity may turn into a serious problem. Иначе то, что кажется возможностью, может превратиться в серьёзную проблему.