preventive care – профилактическое медицинское обслуживание
early detection – раннее выявление
silent conditions – «тихие» заболевания
long-term health outcomes – долгосрочные показатели здоровья
cost-effective – экономически эффективный
peace of mind – спокойствие, уверенность
overdiagnosis – избыточная диагностика
healthcare burden – нагрузка на систему здравоохранения

To begin with … (infinitive of purpose)
Identifying conditions early can help … (gerund as subject)
Having annual checkups allows people to … (gerund phrase)
Only by attending regular checkups can one … (inversion)
Being reassured by a doctor contributes to … (participle phrase)

Model Answer: I strongly agree that annual checkups are essential for young adults. To begin with, identifying silent conditions early can help prevent serious illness later on. For example, routine blood tests allow physicians to detect high cholesterol before it damages the heart.

Furthermore, being proactive with one’s health is cost-effective. Only by attending regular checkups can one avoid expensive treatments in the future and reduce the healthcare burden.

Admittedly, some worry about overdiagnosis, but the benefits outweigh the drawbacks. Being reassured by a doctor provides peace of mind, which supports both physical and mental well-being.

early intervention – раннее вмешательство
stigma reduction – снижение стигматизации
psychological well-being – психологическое благополучие
counseling services – консультативные службы
academic performance – успеваемость
stress management – управление стрессом
privacy concerns – проблемы конфиденциальности
support network – сеть поддержки

Introducing mandatory screenings helps to … (infinitive of purpose)
Normalizing participation reduces stigma … (gerund as subject)
To be effective, screenings must remain confidential … (infinitive as adverbial)
Not only does early intervention …, but it also … (inversion)
Being able to access support services encourages students to … (participle phrase)

Model Answer: I would support mandatory mental-health screening for first-year students. Not only does early intervention prevent crises, but it also promotes academic success by connecting struggling students with counseling services before problems escalate.

Moreover, normalizing participation reduces stigma. When everyone is screened, students feel it is natural to seek help. To be effective, screenings must remain confidential, but with safeguards the benefits outweigh the risks.

Ultimately, being able to access support services encourages students to manage stress constructively, strengthening both their well-being and their academic performance.

diagnostic accuracy – точность диагностики
second opinion – второе мнение
efficiency – эффективность
human oversight – человеческий контроль
bias in algorithms – предвзятость алгоритмов
clinical judgment – клиническое суждение
error reduction – снижение ошибок
patient trust – доверие пациентов

To improve accuracy, doctors should combine AI with judgment … (infinitive of purpose)
Using AI as a second opinion reduces errors … (gerund as subject)
Relying exclusively on AI could lead to … (gerund phrase)
Never before has technology offered … (inversion)
Having algorithms analyze patterns allows physicians to … (participle phrase)

Model Answer: I support using AI as a second opinion in diagnostics. Never before has technology offered such speed and accuracy in reading medical images. Using algorithms reduces error and allows physicians to decide more confidently.

Having algorithms analyze thousands of cases enables doctors to focus on complex patients, increasing efficiency and preserving time for communication. Relying exclusively on AI, however, could lead to mistakes.

To improve accuracy, doctors should combine AI with their own clinical judgment. This balance not only reduces errors but also strengthens patient trust.

mandatory check-up — обязательный медосмотр
incentive / perk — поощрение / привилегия
out-of-pocket cost — личные расходы
data privacy — конфиденциальность данных
medical certificate — медицинская справка/сертификат
waiver — освобождение (от требования)
liability — юридическая ответственность
coercive / intrusive — принудительный / навязчивый
early detection — раннее выявление
campus clinic — университетская поликлиника

Student (indignant): Honestly, I find this new so-called “Preventive Health Initiative” completely unfair. The university says it’s voluntary, but it clearly pressures students by offering perks like gym priority and meal plan discounts. That basically penalizes anyone who doesn’t want—or can’t afford—to undergo additional medical tests. Some of us already have regular doctors at home—why should we pay again just to prove we’re healthy enough to access basic facilities on campus? And it feels like an invasion of privacy. Why should the university collect cholesterol and mental-health data about students at all? Education should be about learning, not about forcing us into medical check-ups disguised as incentives. To me, this policy is coercive, intrusive, and a misuse of student funds.

Basic Introductory Expressions:

- "As stated in the announcement, …"
- "The student agrees / objects to this policy because …"
- "To start with, …"
- "In addition, …"

Advanced Introductory Expressions:

- "The announcement discusses …"
- "The student promptly voices her support / opposition …"
- "Initially, she claims that …"
- "Moreover, she emphasizes …"

Basic Template:

Reading Main Point: “As stated in the announcement, the university encourages health check-ups with incentives.”

Transition: “The student objects to this policy for two main reasons.”

First Reason: “To start with, she argues the incentives are coercive and create financial pressure.”

Second Reason: “In addition, she raises privacy concerns about the university holding health data.”

Advanced Template:

The announcement promotes voluntary check-ups with perks. The student strongly opposes the policy, claiming it is coercive (because perks penalize non-participants) and intrusive (due to data-privacy concerns). Summarize both reasons and connect them clearly to the announcement.

novel blood test — новый тип анализа крови
genetic wellness score — генетический «индекс здоровья» эмбриона
predictive / preventive medicine — предиктивная / профилактическая медицина
polygenic trait — полигенный признак
informed reproductive choice — осознанный репродуктивный выбор
selection among embryos — выбор между эмбрионами
ethical concern — этическая проблема
risk stratification — стратификация риска

Professor (challenging): The promise of embryo “wellness scores” rests on assumptions that are scientifically fragile. First, most of the outcomes being predicted—chronic disease and especially complex traits—are strongly shaped by environment. Polygenic scores built from adult populations don’t transfer perfectly to embryos or across ancestries, so parents may form false expectations.

Second, the ethics are not incidental. Ranking embryos by a composite score pushes society toward trait preference, which can narrow diversity and privilege families who can afford testing. That raises fairness concerns and risks stigmatizing lower-scoring children who may be perfectly healthy.

Third, information can backfire. Learning about “elevated risk” very early often increases parental anxiety and can lead to over-medicalizing childhood, even when the absolute risk is modest. So, while predictive blood tests sound innovative, their limited validity and social costs make widespread use premature.

Question Three Template (General to Specific)

Basic Template:

1. Stating the Term or Idea — “The reading is about genetic wellness scores from novel blood tests.”
2. Give a Small Amount of Detail — “It claims selecting the highest-scoring embryo makes medicine more predictive and preventive.”
3. Transition — “The professor disputes these claims and explains why.”
4. Lecture Point 1 → Reading Claim — “He says polygenic prediction is limited and environment matters, which undermines the selection argument.”
5. Lecture Point 2 → Reading Claim — “He raises equity/ethics (trait preference, stigma), challenging the ‘benefit’ framing.”
6. Lecture Point 3 → Reading Claim — “He warns about anxiety and over-medicalization, casting doubt on net benefits.”

Advanced Template (Introductory Expressions):

“The passage argues that …”; “By contrast, the professor maintains that …”; “To begin with, he contends … which contradicts …”; “Furthermore, he emphasizes … thereby challenging …”; “Finally, he cautions that … which weakens the claim that …”; “In sum, the lecture systematically undermines the reading by …”